Effect of Manure and Bio-fertilizers on Growth, Yield, Silymarin content, and protein expression profile of Silybummarianum.

The impact of the bio-fertilizer (humic acid, EM and yeast), organic fertilizer (cattle and chicken residues) and a combination of both on the growth and yield ofSilybummarianum were studied.Plant height, number of branches,number of roots , root length and dry matter accumulation in plant organs significantly increased with the application of bio-fertilizer in combination with organic one.Both bio-fertilizers, organic fertilizer significantly affected the dry weight of herbs and root of Silybummarianum as compared with the control treatments.The plants treated with 10m3 cattle manure /fed plus EM or 10 m3 Chicken manure showed significantly higher silymarin content in the second season as compared with the other bio , manure fertilization and control treatments.SDS–PAGE analysis of total cellular proteins was usedfor detecting changes in gene expressionon dry seeds.The data showed no variation in protein pattern in terms of number of bands and their relative intensities among all the studied treatments.