Hydride Shifts in the Biosynthesis of the p-Menthane Monoterpenes α-Terpinene, γ-Terpinene, and β-Phellandrene

The biosynthesis of several monoterpenes from the acyclic precursor geranyl pyrophosphate requires the migration of positive charge from the isopropyl side chain into the cyclohexenoid ring of the universal α-terpinyl cation intermediate of the reaction. The hydride shifts responsible for charge migration in the formation of three p-menthane olefin isomers were examined in a range of plant species: α-terpinene in American wormseed, γ-terpinene in thyme, and (−)-β-phellandrene in lodgepole pine. The experimental approach utilized soluble cell-free enzyme systems and specifically labeled geranyl substrates, with the determination of the labeling patterns in the resulting cyclic products. The results were consistent with stereoelectronic features of the cyclization and support the general model for monoterpene formation.