d-Amino acids in mammals and their diagnostic value

Substantial amounts of d-amino acids are present in mammalian tissues; their function, origin and relationship between pathophysiological processes have been of great interest over the last two decades. In the present article, analytical methods including chromatographic, electrophoretic and enzymatic methods to determine d-amino acids in mammalian tissues are reviewed, and the distribution of these d-amino acids in mammals is discussed. An overview of the function, origin and relationship between the amino acids and pathophysiological processes is also given.