CO2 and steam gasification of a grapefruit skin char

A kinetic study on the gasification of carbonised grapefruit (Citrus Aurantium) skin with CO2 and with steam is presented. The chars from this agricultural waste show a comparatively high reactivity, which can be mostly attributed to the catalytic effect of the inorganic matter. The ash content of the carbonised substrate used in this work falls around 15% (db) potassium being the main metallic constituent. The reactivity for both, CO2 and steam gasification, increases at increasing conversion and also does the reactivity per unit surface area, consistently with the aforementioned catalytic effect. Lowering the ash content of the char by acid washing leads to a decrease of reactivity thus confirming the catalytic activity of the inorganic matter present in the starting material. Saturation of this catalytic effect was not detected within the conversion range investigated covering in most cases up to 0.85–0.9. Apparent activation energy values within the range of 200–250 kJ/mol have been obtained for CO2 gasification whereas the values obtained for steam gasification fall mostly between 130 and 170 kJ/mol. These values become comparable with the reported in the literature for other carbonaceous raw materials including chars from biomass residues and coals under chemical control conditions.