Change in viscosity of softening coal upon heating with its liquid content. Part I: linear relationship between logarithm of viscosity and liquid fraction☆

A variable-force-loading needle penetrometry and a proton magnetic resonance analysis were performed for in situ measurements of shear-rate-independent viscosity of softening coal pellet upon heating, η, and the fraction of mobile hydrogen existing in the liquid phase, φmh, respectively. During isothermal heating of the pellet at temperature in a range from 680 to 730 K, φmh changed with time via a maximum while η did inversely. At every temperature examined, the time for the maximum φmh coincided with that for the minimum η. This result qualitatively validated the experimental definition of the liquid fraction in the softening coal as a liquid/solid suspension by φmh. Further analysis of the results revealed that the logarithm of η, which changes in a range from 1010 to 104 Pa s upon isothermal heating, is correlated linearly with the liquid fraction ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. For each of the pellets made of two different coals, it was found that the logarithm η and φmh varied being governed by a single linear relationship upon both isothermal heating and non-isothermal heating. Such a single relationship, which was valid over a temperature range from 600 to 800 K, suggested fairly small temperature dependency of the viscosity of liquid in the softening coal.