Amorphous unsupported Ni–Mo sulfide prepared by one step hydrothermal method for phenol hydrodeoxygenation

Unsupported sulfide catalysts are a potentially promising approach towards furthering the understanding and development of a better heterogeneous catalytic system capable of performing the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oil proficiently under mild and short reaction conditions and times, respectively. Amorphous unsupported Ni–Mo sulfide, prepared from ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) by a one step hydrothermal method, is already sulfided and so does not need a sulfidation step. The addition of the Ni promoter prevents the growth of Mo sulfide particles and causes a reduction in the surface area and a change in the pore characteristics as the amount of added Ni was increased. Ni sulfide alone (no Mo) showed a completely different morphology and properties compared to those of the Mo-containing sulfides, with or without the copresence of Ni. The activity and selectivity of catalysts was investigated using phenol as a model substrate in the direct-deoxygenation (DDO) and hydrogenation (HYD) reactions in a HDO system. The Ni–Mo sulfide catalyst with optimal Ni amount had a significantly higher phenol conversion efficiency (96.2 mol%), and favored a HYD pathway, than that seen for the Mo sulfide one (71.0 mol%) that favored a DDO pathway. H2-temperature programmed desorption (TPD) suggested that this synergy was mainly derived from a change in the quality and not the number of the active sites. The synergetic effect was a function of the stoichiometric composition with the maximum synergetic effect being obtained at a Ni/(Mo + Ni) ratio of 0.3. This could result from the high dispersion of the active species and the generation of a more active Ni–Mo–S phase.