Investigation of CI engine emissions in biodiesel–ethanol–diesel blends as a function of ethanol concentration

In this work, ethanol was mixed with biodiesel–diesel blends and the effect of ethanol concentration on diesel emissions was investigated. Both low and high concentrations of ethanol were studied. Ethanol concentrations were varied at 3%, 5%, 15% and 25% in biodiesel–diesel–ethanol (BDE), while biodiesel and diesel concentrations were maintained equal (BDE3, BDE5, BDE15 and BDE25). Emission characteristics for biodiesel–diesel–ethanol blends were compared to baseline curves of diesel as a function of engine load.