Dispersed phase catalysis: Past and future. Celebrating one century of industrial development

Bergius process for coal liquefaction was patented one century ago. It constituted the first application of dispersed phase catalysts in slurry reactors, considered as once-through disposable solids. Starting from waste materials as additive, the role of catalysts in the conversion of heavy carbonaceous feeds like coal of petroleum residues was progressively identified. Cracking activity was initially considered as necessary, but it was later recognized that hydrogenation activity is essential. The desired properties were established: small particle size, resistance to agglomeration and low cost. Synthesis methods for the production of dispersed phase catalysts are reviewed. Based on historical developments, prospective ways are proposed for improving efficiency of existing conversion processes.