Microcrystalline silicon and the impact on micromorph tandem solar cells

Intrinsic microcrystalline silicon opens up new ways for silicon thin-film multi-junction solar cells, the most promising being the “micromorph” tandem concept. The microstructure of entirely microcrystalline p–i–n solar cells is investigated by transmission electron microscopy. By applying low pressure chemical vapor deposition ZnO as front TCO in p–i–n configurated micromorph tandems, a remarkable reduction of the microcrystalline bottom cell thickness is achieved. Micromorph tandem cells with high open circuit voltages of 1.413 V could be accomplished. A stabilized efficiency of around 11% is estimated for micromorph tandems consisting of 2 μm thick bottom cells. Applying the monolithic series connection, a micromorph module (23.3 cm2) of 9.1% stabilized efficiency could be obtained.