An empirical typology of narcissism and mental health in late adolescence

A two-step cluster analytic strategy was used in two studies to identify an empirically derived typology of narcissism in late adolescence. In Study 1, late adolescents ( N = 204 ) responded to the profile of narcissistic dispositions and measures of grandiosity (“superiority”) and idealization (“goal instability”) inspired by Kohutʹs theory, along with several College Adjustment Scales and a measure of pathology of separation-individuation. Cluster analysis revealed three clusters: covert narcissists ( N = 71 ), moderate narcissists ( N = 55 ) and overt narcissists ( N = 74 ). Moderate narcissists had significantly lower means scores on indices of anxiety, relationship problem, depression, esteem- and family problems and pathology of separation-individuation. The overt and covert clusters showed comparable levels of dysfunction on most indices of adjustment. This general pattern was replicated in Study 2 ( N = 210 ). Moderate narcissists showed a uniform profile of good adjustment, whereas covert and overt narcissist clusters showed a pervasive pattern of dysfunction. Results support the claim that narcissism has “two faces” and that a moderate degree of narcissism is associated with fewer adjustment problems or psychological symptoms. Directions for future research are discussed.