Up-scaling CWE models to include mesoscale meteorological influences

The current status and remaining issues of coupling CWE models with mesoscale meteorological models (MMM) are reviewed from the viewpoint of computational wind engineers. By way of three examples to demonstrate the typical application areas where the coupling approaches are needed, the governing equations considered, and the difficulties to couple the models despite the different spatial and temporal scales are described. Next, recent attempts of single-model up-scaling of CWE models to meteorological scale wind flow and thermal environment are shown. The need to upgrade existing CWE models for appropriate up-scaling and the issues that require to be solved by the collaboration with meteorologists are pointed out. Finally, the recent achievements attained by other researchers are reviewed and the future directions of CWE studies are discussed. Emphasis is placed on coupling LES with MMM.