Brassica biodiesels: Past, present and future

Essential sustainability requirements for biodiesel are that the product should be truly renewable and have a lower negative environmental impact than fossil fuels based on the latest insights. Biodiesel is not a most sustainable product in all geographical circumstances. This survey paper reviews the performance and prospects of rape biodiesel production on a global basis using some 40 life cycle assessments (LCAs). The paper identifies best (agricultural) practice and laggards. Life cycle energy balance depends on specific climatic conditions, and the agro- and processing technologies used. Alternative oilcrop cultivation practices and technologies were assessed. Opportunities to improve rape biodiesel life cycle energy efficiency and environmental impact by implementing new technologies in agriculture as well as in industrial processing have been identified for various Brassica oilcrop cultivars in relevant production areas. The consequences of large-scale renewable energy action plans have been considered. Improvements are needed for rape biodiesel to stay in business. The paper concludes with perspectives and recommendations.