Anion-modified zirconia: effect of metal promotion and hydrogen reduction on hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane and Fischer–Tropsch waxes

The effect of metal promoters on the activity and selectivity of tungstated zirconia (8 wt.% W) for n-hexadecane isomerization in a trickle bed continuous reactor is studied by using different metals (Pt, Ni, and Pd) and, in one case, by varying metal loading. Platinum is found to be the best promoter. The effect of hydrogen reduction is investigated using platinum-promoted tungstated zirconia catalysts (Pt/WO3/ZrO2, 0.5 wt.% Pt and 6.5 wt.% W). Pretreatment at temperatures between 300 and 400°C for 3 h in hydrogen is found to be slightly beneficial for achieving high yields of isohexadecane. A platinum promoted sulfated zirconia (Pt/SO4/ZrO2) is compared with a Pt/WO3/ZrO2 catalyst for the hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane in the same reactor at the same n-hexadecane conversion. The former is a good cracking catalyst and the latter is suitable for use as a hydroisomerization catalyst. In a 27-ml microautoclave reactor, studies of the hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of two Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) wax samples are carried out. Severe cracking can be effectively suppressed using a Pt/WO3/ZrO2 catalyst so as to obtain branched isomers in the diesel fuel or lube-base oil range.