Effect of position of a square-shaped heat source on buoyancy-driven heat transfer in a square cavity filled with nanofluid

Buoyancy-driven heat transfer, due to a square-shaped heater placed inside a square cavity lled with TiO2-water nano uid, is investigated numerically. The heater is maintained at a constant temperature, Th, while the cavity walls are kept at a lower constant temperature, Tc. The governing equations are solved using the nite volume method and the SIMPLER algorithm. The simulations are performed for six dierent positions of the heat source inside the cavity, a range of Rayleigh numbers from 103 to 106, and dierent volume fractions of the nanoparticles. The ratio of the height (width) of the heat source to that of the cavity is taken as 0.2. The results shows that the uid ow and heat transfer characteristics inside the cavity strongly depend on the location of the heat source. For Ra = 103, i.e. a conduction-dominated heat transfer regime, maximum heat transfer rate is achieved by placing the heat source close to the corners of the cavity, while, for Ra = 106, positioning the heat source near the middle of the cavityʹs bottom wall yields the maximum average Nusselt number. Moreover, it is observed that the average Nusselt number is generally an increasing function of the volume fraction of the nanoparticles.