Low-capacity channel designed for particle separation with controlled electric fields and evaluation of involved forces

Electric field is one of the suitable physical fields applicable to particle separations. Although long rectangular channel is used for particle separation in usual electrical field flow fractionation (FFF), a short low-capacity channel can replace it if the field is precisely controlled. Several separation principles are proposed with this channel. The elution behavior of particles has revealed that the gravitational, diffusion, and hydrodynamic lift force (HLF) play important roles in the determination of the elution behavior of particles. The elution threshold voltage (Vth) was defined and experimentally determined for various system configurations and particles. The electric force no longer overcomes the other forces, and particles are taken off the wall, when the applied voltage becomes lower than Vth. Vth values have allowed us not only to estimate surface charge density of a particle but also to evaluate the hydrodynamic lift force against particle.