Ultra trace detection of a wide range of anabolic steroids in meat by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry

The control on use of anabolic agents in meat producing animals is generally based on urine, faeces or hair analysis. This exercise, which is usually performed in slaughterhouses or on farms, is not relevant to imported carcasses or retail meat. A single sensitive method for a wide range of anabolic steroids was developed. After extraction of the lyophilised meat, enzymatic hydrolysis was used for deconjugation. Solid-phase extraction on a polymeric stationary phase was performed prior to hydrolysis of ester residues under alkaline conditions. Liquid–liquid partitioning was used to separate the analytes into two main categories: phenol containing molecules, such as phenolic steroids, resorcylic acid lactones and stilbenes, and Δ4-3-one containing molecules, such as most androgens and progestagens. Solid-phase extraction on silica columns was performed before applying a specific derivatisation for each compound sub-group. The combination of high-resolution chromatography with a quadrupole mass spectrometer permitted detection of 23 steroids in the 5–100 ng/kg range. Ion chromatograms for residue positive samples are shown and discussed.