Arrhythmia as a Result of Poor Intercellular Coupling in the Sinus Node: A Simulation Study

The effects of reduced intercellular coupling in the sinus node were investigated by means of simulations. Coupling was reduced both uniformly, and by introducing localized interaction blocks. In either case, model sinus node element networks typically splitted into frequency domains. These were defined as groups of neighbour elements which all attained the same mean firing frequency. In systems, simulating the vicinity of an impulse outlet to the atrium, the sinus node elements often splitted into two domains, one slowly firing just inside the outlet, and one normally firing large domain in the sinus node interior. This two-domain situation was analysed using a two-element system. Wenckebach conduction and advanced (m:1) exit blocks were seen, together with more odd block patterns and slow chaotic rhythms. The two-domain situation appeared also when two discrete outlets were considered. The slow domains around each outlet synchronized via the atrium. However, if there were some degree of exit block through one of the outlets only, brady-tachy like rhythms could be simulated due to a re-entrant circuit including both sinus node and atrial tissue. In conclusion, poor coupling in the sinus node seems to be sufficient to produce most arrhythmias in the sick sinus syndrome