Oceans governance and the implementation gap

Plenary sessions of: FAO, UNESCO/IOC, IMO and UNEP approve conventions, agreements, resolutions and action plans for implementation by UN and their member states. The paper reviews marine institutional architectures and policy-making processes of UN agencies, sovereigns states and Regional Indigenous Organizations (RIOs—organizations belonging to member states of a region), to identify why the above instruments are only partially implemented. The World Commission on Oceans report, 1998. Marine Policy 1998; 22(6). Childers and Urquhart, 1994. D. Williams, 1987 were consulted. The paper concludes that a division of responsibilities for implementation of globally agreed to ocean programmes between UN agencies and RIOs could contribute to closing the implementation gap.