Simple and accurate two-noded beam element for composite laminated beams using a refined zigzag theory

In this work we present a new simple linear two-noded beam element adequate for the analysis of composite laminated and sandwich beams based on the combination of classical Timoshenko beam theory and the refined zigzag kinematics proposed by Tessler et al. [22]. The element has just four kinematic variables per node. Shear locking is eliminated by reduced integration. The accuracy of the new beam element is tested in a number of applications to the analysis of composite laminated beams with simple supported and clamped ends under point loads and uniformly distributed loads. An example showing the capability of the new element for accurately reproducing delamination effects is also presented.