Fluorine-containing energy conversion materials

Recent results on the electrochemical properties of surface-fluorinated graphites and fluoroesters and fluoroethers as rechargeable lithium battery materials are summarized. Surface modifications of graphite by elemental fluorine and plasma fluorination are effective for increasing reversible capacities to the higher values than the theoretical one of graphite, 372 mAhg−1. Mixing of a fluoroester or fluoroether with organic solvent increases the reversible capacities of the graphite electrode at a low temperature. Fluoroethers have the higher LUMO levels than fluoroesters, giving the lower reduction potentials and smaller irreversible capacities on the average.