One-dimensional modelling of conical spouted beds

A one-dimensional model has been developed that considers the solid cross-flow from the annulus into the spouted bed. The model is based on mass and momentum balance equations for the gas and solid in both the annulus and spout. The great advantage of the model is the need for only two empirical equations: one for obtaining minimum spouting velocity and the other one for obtaining the pressure gradient throughout the bed. The simulated values for solid and gas velocities are consistent with the experimental ones, except particle velocity along the spout, whose accurate prediction requires the consideration of spout diameter change with bed level. Based on the data obtained at the top of the spout, the model allows for calculating properties in the fountain, namely, fountain height and voidage at the core of the fountain.