Molecular cloning and characterization of a cytochrome P450 taxoid 2α-hydroxylase involved in Taxol biosynthesis

The Taxol biosynthetic pathway, arising from the primary isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate in yew (Taxus), consists of approximately twenty steps, at least nine of which are thought to be cytochrome P450-mediated oxygenations. Several oxygenases involved in the early hydroxylation steps of the pathway have been identified and the corresponding genes have been cloned; however, defining the enzymes and their genes responsible for oxygenations in the central portion of the pathway is more difficult because neither the exact sequence of reactions nor the relevant intermediates are known. A surrogate substrate, (+)-taxusin (taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5α,9α,10β,13α-tetraol tetraacetate), that was previously employed in the isolation of a taxoid 7β-hydroxylase, was used here to functionally screen a family of cytochrome P450 oxygenases originating from a Taxus cell EST library. This in vivo screen in yeast led to the identification of a 1488 bp cDNA clone (encoding a 495 residue protein) that was capable of producing 2α-hydroxytaxusin from taxusin with a KM value of 10.5 ± 2.7 μM and kcat of about 0.05 s−1 for the surrogate substrate. This structurally typical cytochrome P450 resembles most closely the previously isolated taxoid 7β-hydroxylase, which also uses taxusin as a substrate, and both 2α- and 7β-hydroxylases are capable of the reciprocal conversion of their respective pentaol tetraacetate products to the common hexaol tetraacetate. This C2-hydroxylase would appear to mediate the mid-pathway functionalization of the C2-position of the taxane core that ultimately bears a benzoyl group as an important Taxol pharmacophore. Overexpression of this cytochrome P450 taxoid 2α-hydroxylase in Taxus cells may improve Taxol yields and could prove useful in the production of other 2α-hydroxy taxoids as starting materials for subsequent acylation at this position.