Numerical modelling of non-confined and confined masonry walls

This paper presents a discussion on the behaviour of non-confined and confined masonry walls with different types of horizontal reinforcement when subjected to in-plane horizontal loads, using advanced numerical simulations. An isotropic continuum nonlinear finite element macromodel, based on smeared crack total strain–stress models with scarce parameter input is used to represent previously tested masonry walls. The masonry units, the mortar and the bonding interfaces between the units and mortar have been lumped in continuum elements. The input data is based on experimental results or inverse fitting, with a clearly identification and justification. The results are presented and compared against experimental data, with an emphasis on force–displacement curves and failure modes.