Optimization and sensitivity analysis of space frames allowing for large deflection

A procedure for sensitivity analysis used with nonlinear incremental-iterative structural analysis of frames is proposed. The sensitivity of displacement and stress are considered. The accuracy and efficiency of this method are confirmed by several examples. The method can be used for the second-order analysis and optimization design of framed structures. Practical constraints and considerations for the design of steel frames are included in the present studies such that the reported findings can be used directly for practical optimal design, which is believed to have not yet been studied or reported in literatures.