Lateral–distortional buckling of monorails

This paper is concerned with the elastic lateral–distortional (LD) buckling of single span steel monorail I-beams and its influence on their design strengths. The distortion of a slender web reduces the elastic buckling resistance of an intermediate length beam below its flexural–torsional (FT) resistance. A finite element computer program was used to study the elastic LD buckling of single span beams. The LD to FT buckling moment ratios were generally higher for simply supported beams with bottom flange central concentrated loads than for uniform bending, and lower for shear centre concentrated loads. For beams with bottom flange loading and unrestrained bottom flanges, there were very significant reductions in these ratios, but they increased when rigid web stiffeners or top flange torsional restraints were provided at the supports. For beams with bottom flange loading and unrestrained bottom flanges, the reductions in the elastic buckling resistance were greater for beams with stocky flanges than for slender flanges. Approximations were found for estimating the reduced resistances which were generally of high accuracy or conservative, and for estimating the increased resistances caused by elastic and rigid top flange end torsional restraints. A method of designing steel beams against LD buckling was proposed and its use demonstrated by a worked example.