On-line and off-line preconcentration of trace and ultratrace amounts of lanthanides

The need for preconcentration of trace and ultratrace amounts of lanthanides from environmental, geological and biological samples is brought out in introductory part. Both on-line and off-line preconcentration procedures developed for lanthanides since 1980 are reviewed. The preconcentration techniques covered in this review include liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), ion-exchange, co-precipitation, and solid phase or solid–liquid extraction. Separate sections are devoted to each of the preconcentration techniques employed for enrichment of individual or mixtures of lanthanides. Future trends in singular or multielement preconcentration of lanthanides are also discussed.