Extraction and preconcentration techniques for chromatographic determination of chlorophenols in environmental and food samples

Methods for chlorophenols (CPs) determination (with low limits of detection) that can be applied to real environmental samples (waters, sediments, soils, biological tissues) and food are reviewed. Special emphasis is given to sampling, storage conditions and the application of preconcentration techniques for the determination of CPs using chromatographic methods. Solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, liquid phase microextraction, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction and purge and trap methods are considered. Methods for microwave and ultrasonic extraction of CPs from solid matrices are also focused.