SnO reduction in lithium cells: study by X-ray absorption, 119Sn Mِssbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction

We studied the reduction mechanism of SnO in lithium cells by X-ray absorption near OK and SnLI edge spectroscopy, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The reduction mechanism is complex, involving mixed valence intermediate compounds. In the interval 0≤Li/Sn≤2 the main reaction corresponds to a partial reduction of SnII, which is partially reversible, regenerating the tin oxide during the charge. For Li/Sn greater than two, LiSn bonds are formed, but SnO interactions are still present. The charge within this interval also partially regenerates tin oxide, but the reversibility does not extend to Li/Sn lower than two. At low voltage and very large depth of discharge, the formation of LiSn alloys and Li2O clearly takes place, with negligible SnO interactions.