Covalent modification of glassy carbon spheres through ball milling under solvent free conditions: A novel electrochemical interface for mercury(II) quantification

A simple and green chemistry protocol has been proposed based on the covalent anchoring of benzamide molecule on glassy carbon spheres through ball milling under solvent free condition. The modification proceeds through the formation of an amide bond between carboxylic group of glassy carbon spheres and the amino group of modifier molecule. The formation of covalent bond was ascertained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface morphology of milled glassy carbon spheres. The aqueous colloidal solution of modified glassy carbon spheres was used in the preparation of thin film electrodes and subsequently used as a novel electrochemical interface in the quantification of mercury at trace level using a differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric technique. The modified electrode showed good sensitivity and selectivity towards mercury with a detection limit of 1 nM with least interference from most of the ions. The analytical utility of the proposed electrode has been validated by determining the mercury levels in number of sample matrices.