Morphological and physical investigation of carbon nanotube and graphene buffers used in high capacity lithium ion battery anodes

To investigate the effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene buffers for high capacity anode materials in lithium ion batteries, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles supported on ball-milled graphite (BMG), were coated on either CNTs or graphene layers, which were reinforced with stainless steel gauze. Morphological buffer changes observed thoroughly by SEM indicated that volumetric expansion occurred in the CuO/BMG electrode containing the CNT buffer was smaller than in the electrode containing graphene as a buffer layer. This led the CuO/BMG–CNT electrode to remain high capacity retention (799 mA h g−1) after 30 charge/discharge cycles, whereas the CuO/BMG and CuO/BMG–graphene electrodes showed 540 and 741 mA h g−1, respectively. Due to higher volumetric expansion of the graphene buffer, the CuO/BMG–graphene showed large irreversible capacity and resistance, even though it had high initial capacity for lithium ion storage.