Lateral inhomogeneity of unoccupied states for PbPc films

Micro-spot two-photon photoemission (micro-2PPE) spectroscopy is used to probe unoccupied electronic levels at sub-monolayer (ML) films of lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) on graphite (HOPG). The high-energy resolution (30 meV) 2PPE spectra with high-lateral resolution (0.4 μm) show well-resolved features due to molecule-derived occupied/unoccupied levels and the image potential state (IPS). The surface images based on photoemission from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) become laterally uniform after an annealing procedure. By contrast, the images based on the peak due to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the next LUMO (LUMO + 1) are laterally inhomogeneous even after the annealing. The IPS peak is broadened to higher energy by 0.3 eV for sub-ML films and becomes sharp when a 1 ML film is formed. The broadening indicates that the electron in the IPS is scattered by molecules within the mean free path in the range from 1 to 10 nm. PbPc molecules are randomly distributed including nm-clusters. The LUMO and LUMO + 1 levels are stabilized as the cluster size increases. The inhomogeneity of the surface image due to the LUMO + 1 peak arises from the size distribution of the nm-clusters. The present results demonstrate that the unoccupied levels are more sensitive to the environment than the occupied levels.