Initial stages of oxidation of Cu(1 1 1)

Several surface analysis techniques were combined to study the initial stages of oxidation of Cu(1 1 1) surfaces exposed to O2 at low pressure (<5 × 10−6 mbar) and room temperature. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) results show that the reactivity is governed by the restructuring of the Cu(1 1 1) surface. On the terraces, oxygen dissociative adsorption leads to the formation of isolated O adatoms and clusters weakly bound to the surface. The O adatoms are located in the fcc threefold hollow sites of the unrestructured terraces. Friedel oscillations with an amplitude lower than 5 pm have been measured around the adatoms. At step edges, surface restructuring is initiated and leads to the nucleation and growth of a two-dimensional disordered layer of oxide precursor. The electronic structure of this oxide layer is characterised by a band gap measured by scanning tunneling spectroscopy to be ∼1.5 eV wide. The growth of the oxide islands progresses by consumption of the upper metal terraces to form triangular indents. The extraction of the Cu atoms at this interface generates a preferential orientation of the interface along the close-packed directions of the metal. A second growth front corresponds to the step edges of the oxide islands and progresses above the lower metal terraces. This is where the excess Cu atoms extracted at the first growth front are incorporated. STM shows that the growing disordered oxide layer consists of units of hexagonal structure with a first nearest neighbour distance characteristic of a relaxed Cu–Cu distance (∼0.3 nm), consistent with local Cu2O(1 1 1)-like elements. Exposure at 300 °C is necessary to form an ordered two-dimensional layer of oxide precursor. It forms the so-called “29” superstructure assigned to a periodic distorted Cu2O(1 1 1)-like structure.