Ab initio study of rumpled relaxation and core-level shift of barium titanate surface

The rumpled relaxation and the core-level shift of full-relaxed BaTiO3 (0 0 1) surface have been investigated by first-principles calculation. Based on the work function and the electric-field gradient, the right size of vacuum and the slab have been evaluated. The large displacements of ions deviated from their crystalline sites to lead to the formation of the surface rumples have been found. Some fully occupied surface oxygen p states at the top M point of the valance band and the empty surface titanium d states at the edge of the bulk conduction band are observed on the TiO2-terminated surface. In contrast, on the BaO-terminated surface, two different core levels of the Ba 5p states shifted about 1.29 eV are induced by the bulk perovskite Ba atoms and the relaxation of surface Ba atoms, respectively. Our calculations are consistent with the experimental data.