Microstructure-property relations in composite yttria-substituted zirconia solid electrolytes

A study of composite 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) and 3 mol% yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3YTZP) solid electrolytes sintered under isothermal and two-step sintering cycles is reported. The nominal phase composition is retained for composites with up to 25 wt.% 3YTZP. These composites show a combination of beneficial effects with respect to pure 8YSZ, including slight improvement in sinterability, gains in bulk and grain boundary conductivity and also enhanced fracture toughness. Impedance spectroscopy revealed an enhancement of the specific grain boundary conductivity for samples with finer grain sizes, attained by increasing the fraction of 3YTZP or by hindering grain growth under two-step sintering cycles. This effect is rationalized in terms of a decrease of the grain boundary space-charge potential. The conductivity gains decrease with increasing temperature, but even at 700 °C the total ionic conductivity of ceramics with 25 wt.% 3YTZP is still higher than that of pure 8YSZ, whereas at 900 °C there is a performance loss of less than 10%. The improved mechanical and electrical performance in the intermediate temperature range represents an important advantage of the heterostructured electrolytes for low/intermediate temperature SOFC operation.