Recent trends and valorization of immobilization strategies and ligninolytic enzymes by industrial biotechnology

From the last several years ligninolytic enzymes find applications in numerous industrial processes. However, their lower catalytic efficiencies and operational stabilities limit their practical and multipurpose applications in various sectors of the current industrial processes. Dependence of lignin peroxidase (LiP) on veratryl alcohol and that of manganese peroxidase (MnP) on Mn2+ is another limitation for these enzymes. Therefore to expand the range of natural industrial bio-catalysts, e.g., ligninolytic enzymes, significant progress related to the enzyme biotechnology has appeared and researchers have been re-directing their interests to immobilization engineering processes. Among the diverse immobilization techniques, the use of pre-existing supports (via covalent or physical coupling) and the immobilization without supports (enzyme cross-linked aggregates (CLEAs) or crystals (CLECs) are among the most promising. This review article mainly focuses on recent trends and valorization of immobilization and ligninolytic enzymes, i.e., LiP, MnP and laccase by industrial biotechnology. The information is also given on various immobilization techniques followed by a brief summary about an immobilization of LiP, MnP and laccase. The present review was also focused primarily on recent trends in ligninolytic green biotechnology to suggest the potential industrial applications of ligninolytic enzymes in various sectors of the modern industry.