On the structure and morphology of polyvinylidene fluoride–nanoclay nanocomposites

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)–nanoclay nanocomposites were prepared by both solution casting and co-precipitation methods with the nanoclay loading of 1–6 wt%. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite were investigated by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), polarized light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. PVDF phase transformation behavior was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and in situ thermal WAXD. All the three typical nanoclay morphologies, namely, exfoliated, partially intercalated and phase separated morphologies, were observed in the PVDF–nanoclay nanocomposites prepared by different methods. In solution-cast samples, phase separation and intercalation occurred depending upon the organic modifiers while complete exfoliation of the nanoclays was observed in the co-precipitated nanocomposites. Furthermore, unique parallel orientation of the nanoclay layers and polymer film surface was achieved in solution-cast samples. β-form PVDF was observed in all the nanocomposites regardless of the nanoclay morphology and contents. Both crystallization and melting temperatures of PVDF were increased with the addition of nanoclay, possibly due to the formation of the β-form PVDF.