The Windkessel model revisited: A qualitative analysis of the circulatory system

In this paper, we derive a comprehensive computational model to estimate the arterial pressure and the cardiac output of humans, by refining and adapting the well-established equations of the Windkessel theory. The model inputs are based on patient specific factors such as age, sex, smoking and fitness habits as well as the use of specific drugs. The modelʹs outputs correlate very strongly with physiological observations, with a low error of ∼5% for the arterial pressure.