Soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene using poly(methacrylic acid) macro-RAFT agent

A well-defined poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) macro-RAFT agent has been synthesized by the bulk polymerization using 4-toluic acid dithiobenzoate as a RAFT agent and successfully employed as a reactive emulsifier in the soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene, leading to a formation of stable latex. The amphiphilic block copolymer, prepared from the in situ micelle formation, contains a hydrophilic PMAA block and a hydrophobic PS block, via styrene monomer transfer reaction to the dithioester function in PMAA macro-RAFT agent during the nucleation step. The chemical structure of the synthesized PS with the PMAA macro-RAFT agent was confirmed using FTIR and NMR. In addition, it was confirmed that the macro-RAFT agent is present on the particle surface via the ESCA measurement. The reaction mechanism was proposed that the stable spherical particles enlarged by the aggregation of small particles, which were also produced by the chemical or physical bonding between the tiny small particles. The results indicate that the PMAA macro-RAFT agent is used as emulsifier for the formation of PS particles and block copolymer [P(S-b-MAA)] in situ.