Computer simulation of cardiac cryoablation: Comparison with in vivo data

Simulation of cardiac cryoablation by the finite element method can contribute to optimizing ablation results and understanding the effects of modifications prior to time-consuming and expensive experiments. In this work an intervention scenario using a 9 Fr 8 mm tip applicator applied to ventricular tissue was simulated using the effective heat capacity model based on Pennes’ bioheat equation. Using experimentally obtained refrigerant flow rates and temperature profiles recorded by a thermocouple located at the tip of the applicator the cooling performance of the refrigerant was estimated and integrated by time and temperature dependent boundary conditions based on distinct phases of a freeze–thaw cycle. Our simulations exhibited a mean difference of approximately 6 °C at the applicator tip compared to temperature profiles obtained during in vivo experiments. The presented model is a useful tool for simulation and validation of new developments in clinical cardiac cryoablation.