Efficient numerical schemes for gradient vector flow

Since its publication more than 10 years ago, the gradient vector flow (GVF) technique has been used and adapted to various models and problems. Its effectiveness has greatly contributed to its popularity. The main drawback of GVF and its generalisation, however, is their expensive computation load and its consequence on the capture range. In this work, we propose and compare different efficient numerical schemes to solve the GVF and its generalisations.