The energetic importance of night foraging for waders wintering in a temperate estuary

Many species of waders forage extensively at night, but there is very little information on the relevance of this behaviour for the energy budget of waders wintering in estuarine wetlands. Quantitative data on diurnal and nocturnal intake rates can indicate the extent to which birds need to forage at night to supplement their diurnal energetic intake, or rather show a preference for nocturnal foraging. pared day and night foraging behaviour, diet, and energy consumption of several wader species in the Tejo estuary, Portugal. There were significant differences between diurnal and nocturnal foraging behaviour. In general, birds moved less at night and scolopacid waders tended to use more tactile foraging methods. Although birds consumed the same type of prey in the two periods, the relative importance of each type changed. Overall, energy consumption was higher during the day except in grey plover, which achieved higher crude intake rates at night. sults support the assertion that night foraging is an important part of the energy balance of waders during late winter, but that in most species it is less profitable than diurnal foraging.