Molecular fabrications of smart nanobiomaterials and applications in personalized medicine

Recent advances in nanotechnology adequately address many of the current challenges in biomedicine. However, to advance medicine we need personalized treatments which require the combination of nanotechnological progress with genetics, molecular biology, gene sequencing, and computational design. This paper reviews the literature of nanoscale biomaterials described to be totally biocompatible, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and biodegradable and furthermore, have been used or have the potential to be used in personalized biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and diagnostics. The nanobiomaterial architecture is discussed as basis for fabrication of novel integrated systems involving cells, growth factors, proteins, cytokines, drug molecules, and other biomolecules with the purpose of creating a universal, all purpose nanobiomedical device for personalized therapies. Nanofabrication strategies toward the development of a platform for the implementation of nanotechnology in personalized medicine are also presented. In addition, there is a discussion on the challenges faced for designing versatile, smart nanobiomaterials and the requirements for choosing a material with tailor made specifications to address the needs of a specific patient.