Scaling behaviors of dynamic hysteresis in Zr-rich lead zirconate titanate bulk ceramics

The scaling behaviors of the dynamic hysteresis in Zr-rich lead zirconate titanate bulk ceramics at various frequency ( f ) and field amplitude ( E 0 ) values, and in different ferroelectric phases, were investigated. The scaling laws of the hysteresis area 〈 A 〉 at fixed temperature take the forms 〈 A 〉 ∝ f 0.16 E 0 and 〈 A 〉 ∝ f 0.01 E 0 0.2 for low frequency and high frequency, respectively. The forms are different from those of the theoretical predictions and other experimental results but are the same for different ferroelectric phases, which implies that the compositions and crystal structures can influence the scaling laws while the different space groups in the rhombohedral phase can not.