An evolutionary perspective of mammal salivary peptide families: Cystatins, histatins, statherin and PRPs

Salivaʹs role in the oral cavity, such as lubrication, protection of tissues and antimicrobial action is a reflex of its composition, among which are several peptide families like statherin, histatins, proline rich proteins (PRPs) and some members of the cystatin family. These peptides present different evolutionary pathways being in the case of histatin, statherin and PRP families restricted to few millions and comprising few species when compared with cystatins, where duplication occurred at more than 650 mya. Though the recognized relevance of phylogenetic approaches to disclose relationships among different species, information on the salivary proteins that allow the association between peptide families-related structure and function in the oral cavity is scarce. In the present study, the four major salivary peptides classes are reviewed considering the few known phylogenetic studies focusing on their evolution among mammals. New perspectives and challenges for future and multidisciplinary experimental works are drawn.