Effects of tamoxifen on nitric oxide synthesis and neoplastic transformation in C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts

Tamoxifen (TAM) is used in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, however, its mechanisms of therapeutic action as well as its pathologic effects are not fully understood. We report that TAM (10−7–10−5 M) inhibits 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transformation of C3H 10T1/2 murine fibroblasts in a dose-responsive manner. Over this concentration range, TAM (>10−6 M) potentiates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in 10T1/2 cells. This increase in NO synthase activity was mediated through an increase in iNOS protein for cells stimulated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Significant increases in NO formation were observed when TAM (10−5) was added prior to or simultaneously with IFN-γ/LPS treatment, whereas the addition of TAM 48 h after IFN-γ/LPS treatment had no effect on NO synthesis. The morphologic changes seen with cells treated with TAM are similar to those observed in cells treated with TGF-β1. TGF-β1 inhibited NO production at high doses and slightly enhanced NO formation at low doses in IFN-γ/LPS-stimulated cells. The transformation inhibitory effects of TAM did not appear to be related to the effects on cellular proliferation of neoplastic cells as TAM did not inhibit the growth of neoplastic cells into foci in the presence of normal confluent C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts.