Phase transformations in low-temperature chromized 0.45 wt.% C plain carbon steel

The phase transformations occurring in a 0.45 wt.% C plain steel subjected to plasma nitriding at 540–560 °C for 5.5 h, followed by a salt bath thermoreactive deposition and diffusion (TRD) chromizing process at 500 °C or 550 °C (a process referred to as low-temperature chromizing or duplex chromizing) was investigated by means of optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), and X-ray diffraction. It was found that a CrN compound layer with an average thickness of 7.4 μm and an average micro-hardness of 1476 HV0.01 was formed in the prior plasma nitrided compound layer by low-temperature chromizing at 550 °C for 6 h. The chromized coating as a whole was found consisting of three sub-layers, namely the outer CrN layer, the intermediate diffusional layer, and the inner residual nitrided compound layer, all formed in the prior nitrided compound layer, and with the inner sub-layer vanishing by prolonging the chromizing time. The intermediate diffusional layer formed at the initial stages of TRD was seen “black” under OM (hence is called “black zone”), and found consisting of α-Fe as a major phase. The self-exhaustion of the “black zone” promoted the chromium atom diffusion deeper into the substrates. The transformation paths involved in the decomposition of the prior nitrided compound layer was likely to be ε-Fe2–3N → γ′-Fe4N → α-Fe; and the high hardness of the chromized coating was attributed to a large amount of nano-sized and evenly distributed CrN grains generated in the compound layer.