Induction of apoptosis by quercetin is mediated through AMPKα1/ASK1/p38 pathway

Effective strategies for cancer prevention and treatment can be identified by understanding the mechanism of apoptotic pathways. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of quercetin-induced apoptosis through apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Our results showed that quercetin increased apoptotic cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and was responsible for ASK1 activation. Increasing ASK1 activity was accompanied by p38 activation. Interestingly, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) seemed to be a critical controller of quercetin-regulated ASK1/p38 activation. Blocking AMPKα1 activity using Compound C, a synthetic inhibitor or siRNA showed that quercetin-activated ASK1 could not stimulate p38 activity. Thus, we suggested that quercetin-exerted apoptotic effects involve ROS/AMPKα1/ASK1/p38 signaling pathway, and AMPKα1 is a necessary element for apoptotic event induced by ASK1.