Hepatocyte growth factor activates tumor stromal fibroblasts to promote tumorigenesis in gastric cancer

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as the activated fibroblasts in tumor stroma, are important modifiers of tumor progression. However, the mechanisms underlying stromal fibroblast activation and their promotion of tumor growth remain largely unknown in gastric cancer. Here, we show that normal fibroblasts (NFs) from non-cancerous regions of gastric cancer exhibit the traits of CAFs when grown together with gastric cancer cells in vivo. Activation of NFs can be induced by co-culture with gastric cancer cells, while deprivation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) using a neutralizing antibody inhibits the activation of NFs. Moreover, we identify HGF as an important factor from CAFs that acts in a paracrine manner to promote tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that HGF may play a pivotal role in the regulatory circuit between gastric cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts, and neutralization of HGF inhibits both activation and tumor-promoting properties of CAFs.