Hydrophobic surface modification of ramie fibers with ethanol pretreatment and atmospheric pressure plasma treatment

Incompatibility between hydrophilic natural cellulose fibers and hydrophobic thermoplastic polymer matrices leads to poor interfacial bonding in their composites. This study investigates how atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment with ethanol pretreatment may improve ramie fiber surface properties for better adhesion to polypropylene. After soaking in ethanol for 10 min, ramie fibers are treated by helium plasma. For the plasma treated fibers, scanning electron microscopy shows increased fiber surface roughness due to plasma etching, which favors mechanical interlocking of the interface; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates increased carbon contents and hydrophobic C–C bonds. Larger advancing water contact angles are found in dynamic water contact angle measurement. Microbond test shows an up to 50% increase of the interfacial shear strength of the fibers to polypropylene compared to the control, which may be attributed largely to the combined effects of the roughened fiber surface due to plasma etching and increased hydrophobicity of the fiber surface resulting from the reaction of ethanol molecules to cellulose in plasma treatment, thus improving their compatibility to polypropylene matrix.