Multistage carcinogenesis in Barrettʹs esophagus

The multistage carcinogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma is a process of clonal evolution within Barrettʹs esophagus neoplasms. The initiating event for Barrettʹs esophagus is unknown, but is associated with chronic gastric reflux which probably also promotes progression. Inactivation of both alleles of CDKN2A appear to be early events causing clonal expansion. Clones with TP53 inactivated expand if they have already inactivated CDKN2A. After TP53 has been inactivated, tetraploid and aneuploid clones tend to develop. The final events that lead to invasion and metastasis are unknown. Evolutionary biology provides important tools to understand clonal evolution in progression and cancer prevention.